Wednesday, May 24, 2023

What is torque?

Torque is a concept used in physics and engineering to describe the rotational force applied to an object around a specific axis. It is a vector quantity that represents the tendency of a force to cause rotational motion. Torque is often associated with rotating objects and is measured in units such as Newton-meters (Nm) or foot-pounds (ft-lb).

Fig 1. Torque Animation 
(link from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Torque_animation.gif)

Key points about torque:

  1. Definition: Torque can be defined as the product of a force and the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of the force. Mathematically, torque (τ) is given by the equation:

τ = r * F * sin(θ)

where τ is the torque, r is the distance from the axis of rotation to the point where the force is applied, F is the force, and θ is the angle between the force and the line connecting the axis of rotation and the point of application.

  1. Rotational Effect: Torque describes the rotational effect or turning force exerted on an object. It causes objects to rotate or change their rotational motion.
  2. Moment Arm: The distance between the axis of rotation and the point where the force is applied is known as the moment arm or lever arm. Increasing the moment arm increases the torque produced by a given force.
  3. Direction: Torque is a vector quantity and has both magnitude and direction. The direction of torque is determined by the right-hand rule. When viewed from the direction of the applied force, the thumb points in the direction of the torque.
  4. Units: Torque is typically measured in Newton-meters (Nm) or foot-pounds (ft-lb). One Newton-meter is the torque produced by a one Newton force applied at a distance of one meter from the axis of rotation.
  5. Application: Torque is essential in various applications, such as rotating machinery, engines, motors, and mechanical systems. It is used to measure and control rotational forces, determine the effectiveness of tools, and analyze the stability of objects in rotational motion.

Understanding torque is crucial in engineering fields, including mechanics, robotics, and automotive industries. It helps in designing and analyzing systems that involve rotational motion and provides insights into the behavior of rotating objects and their response to applied forces.

Learn more:

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tord.html

https://www.thoughtco.com/calculating-torque-2698804

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/torque/